Category Archives: Linux

Mengganti Nama LVM Grup

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Saat menginstal CentOS/RedHat Linux, kita bisa memilih untuk menggunakan LVM (Logical Volume Manger) untuk manajemen harddisk & partisinya. Bila kita memilih untuk menggunakan LVM, instaler biasanya akan menawarkan layout seperti ini :

Contoh Default Disk Layout CentOS

Boot disk akan dibagi menjadi 2 partisi, partisi pertama akan dialokasikan untuk direktori /boot & partisi kedua akan dialokasikan untuk menjadi anggota LVM. LVM grup akan diberi nama mengikuti hostname mesin tersebut. Pada contoh di atas misalnya, mesin tersebut memiliki hostname “devserver01” sehingga LVM akan menggunakan nama grup vg_devserver01. Baru kemudian di dalam group tersebut dibuat logical volume untuk partisi root & swap. Tentu kita bisa melakukan kustomisasi terhadap usulan disk layout tersebut.

Misalnya saya punya sebuah virtual server yang sudah berisi CentOS Linux. Mesin ini adalah hasil cloning dari virtual server lainnya. Karena merupakan hasil cloning, nama LVM grupnya masih mengikuti nama hostname server aslinya. Contohnya seperti ini :

[root@dev01 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
[root@dev01 ~]# df -h
Filesystem                       Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_websvr01-lv_root  6.7G  745M  5.6G  12% /
tmpfs                            499M     0  499M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/vda1                        485M   32M  428M   7% /boot
[root@dev01 ~]#

Terlihat hostname server ini adalah dev01, sementara LVM grup-nya masih menggunakan nama lama vg_websvr01. Ini bisa dilihat juga dengan perintah vgs atau vgdisplay seperti berikut ini :

[root@dev01 ~]# vgs
  VG          #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize VFree
  vg_websvr01   1   2   0 wz--n- 7.51g    0 
[root@dev01 ~]# 
[root@dev01 ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vg_websvr01
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               7.51 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              1922
  Alloc PE / Size       1922 / 7.51 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0   
  VG UUID               Mz4cE4-jzec-gfHi-H76W-cmFy-FA2U-SWXKrA

[root@dev01 ~]#

LVM menyediakan perintah vgrename untuk mengatasi hal ini. Saya bisa menggunakan vgrename untuk mengubah nama LVM grup tersebut, seperti yang terlihat pada contoh di bawah ini :

[root@dev01 ~]# vgrename vg_websvr01 vg_dev01
  Volume group "vg_websvr01" successfully renamed to "vg_dev01"
[root@dev01 ~]#

Pada contoh ini saya mengubah nama grupnya dari vg_websvr01 menjadi vg_dev01. Sukses tidaknya perubahan nama grup ini bisa dicek lagi dengan perintah vgs atau vgdisplay seperti pada contoh di bawah ini :

[root@dev01 ~]# vgs
  VG       #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize VFree
  vg_dev01   1   2   0 wz--n- 7.51g    0 
[root@dev01 ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vg_dev01
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  4
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               7.51 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              1922
  Alloc PE / Size       1922 / 7.51 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0   
  VG UUID               Mz4cE4-jzec-gfHi-H76W-cmFy-FA2U-SWXKrA

[root@dev01 ~]#

Tidak cukup sampai di situ, ada 2 hal lain yang harus diperhatikan setelah mengubah nama LVM grup ini.

  1. Berkas /etc/fstab. Pengaturan mountpoint partisi disimpan dalam berkas ini. Isi berkas /etc/fstab mulanya seperti ini :

    [root@dev01 ~]# cat /etc/fstab 

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Apr  5 07:37:58 2014
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg_websvr01-lv_root /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=c0144e8c-75aa-4c57-a51c-1c4b8df0759f /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_websvr01-lv_swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
[root@dev01 ~]#

    Bila berkas ini tidak diperbaharui, maka server ini akan gagal boot karena dia masih mencari partisi /dev/mapper/vg_websvr01-lv_root. Oleh karenanya kita perlu mengganti setiap nama LVM grup yang ada di dalam berkas /etc/fstab tersebut. Pada contoh saya tadi, berikut adalah isi berkas /etc/fstab setelah diperbaharui :

    [root@dev01 ~]# cat /etc/fstab 

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Apr  5 07:37:58 2014
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/vg_dev01-lv_root /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=c0144e8c-75aa-4c57-a51c-1c4b8df0759f /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/vg_dev01-lv_swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
[root@dev01 ~]#

  2. Berkas /boot/grub/grub.conf. Karena LVM grup yang tadi diubah namanya memiliki partisi root, kita perlu mengatur ulang isi berkas grub.conf. Tampilan awal dari berkas grub.conf adalah seperti berikut ini :

    [root@dev01 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf 
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that
#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
#          root (hd0,0)
#          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_websvr01-lv_root
#          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/vda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64)
    root (hd0,0)
    kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_websvr01-lv_root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_LVM_LV=vg_websvr01/lv_root rd_NO_MD rd_LVM_LV=vg_websvr01/lv_swap SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto  KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
    initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
[root@dev01 ~]#

    Tanpa diubah sistem akan gagal menemukan mana partisi rootnya dan akibatnya gagal menemukan di mana lokasi kernel Linux berada. Setelah diubah tampilannya menjadi seperti ini :

    [root@dev01 ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf 
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that
#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
#          root (hd0,0)
#          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_dev01-lv_root
#          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/vda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64)
    root (hd0,0)
    kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_dev01-lv_root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_LVM_LV=vg_dev01/lv_root rd_NO_MD rd_LVM_LV=vg_dev01/lv_swap SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto  KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
    initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
[root@dev01 ~]#

Untuk memastikan kedua berkas tadi sudah terbarui dengan benar, saya tinggal reboot servernya saja.

Yum Remove

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CentOS & RedHat Linux menggunakan yum sebagai perintah untuk mengatur instalasi paket (package management tool). Saya baru tahu dari Wikipedia kalau yum itu sendiri adalah singkatan dari “Yellowdog Updater, Modified”. Sintaks pemakaiannya mirip dengan apt-get-nya Debian/Ubuntu Linux. Misalnya untuk menginstal paket dari repositori, saya bisa menggunakan perintah yum install, Misalnya saya ingin memasang paket Apache web server (httpd) :

[root@web01 ~]# yum install httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
CDROM                                                                                                                                        | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... 
CDROM/primary_db                                                                                                                             | 4.4 MB     00:00 ... 
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.2.15-29.el6.centos for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: apr-util-ldap for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: /etc/mime.types for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed
---> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
---> Package apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos will be installed
---> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.31-2.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                  Arch                              Version                                          Repository                        Size
====================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 httpd                                    x86_64                            2.2.15-29.el6.centos                             CDROM                            821 k
Installing for dependencies:
 apr                                      x86_64                            1.3.9-5.el6_2                                    CDROM                            123 k
 apr-util                                 x86_64                            1.3.9-3.el6_0.1                                  CDROM                             87 k
 apr-util-ldap                            x86_64                            1.3.9-3.el6_0.1                                  CDROM                             15 k
 httpd-tools                              x86_64                            2.2.15-29.el6.centos                             CDROM                             73 k
 mailcap                                  noarch                            2.1.31-2.el6                                     CDROM                             27 k

Transaction Summary
====================================================================================================================================================================
Install       6 Package(s)

Total download size: 1.1 M
Installed size: 3.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                                                                27 MB/s | 1.1 MB     00:00     
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing : apr-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64                                                                                                                         1/6 
  Installing : apr-util-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                                  2/6 
  Installing : apr-util-ldap-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                             3/6 
  Installing : httpd-tools-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                          4/6 
  Installing : mailcap-2.1.31-2.el6.noarch                                                                                                                      5/6 
  Installing : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                6/6 
  Verifying  : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                1/6 
  Verifying  : apr-util-ldap-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                             2/6 
  Verifying  : httpd-tools-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                          3/6 
  Verifying  : apr-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64                                                                                                                         4/6 
  Verifying  : mailcap-2.1.31-2.el6.noarch                                                                                                                      5/6 
  Verifying  : apr-util-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                                  6/6 

Installed:
  httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos                                                                                                                               

Dependency Installed:
  apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2        apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1     apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1     httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos    
  mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.31-2.el6    

Complete!
[root@web01 ~]#

Dari contoh di atas, terlihat bahwa yum tidak hanya memasang paket httpd, yum juga memasang beberapa paket lain yang diperlukan oleh httpd (dependencies packages). Dalam contoh tadi ada 5 paket tambahan yang ikut terpasang secara otomatis.

Nah lucunya saat saya ingin membuang paket httpd, paket-paket lain tadi tidak ikut terbuang. Misalnya dengan yum remove berikut ini :

[root@web01 ~]# yum install httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
CDROM                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... 
Setting up Install Process
Package httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
[root@web01 ~]# vi /etc/yum.conf 
[root@web01 ~]# yum remove httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
CDROM                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... 

Dependencies Resolved

==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                              Arch                                                  Version                                                               Repository                                             Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Removing:
 httpd                                                x86_64                                                2.2.15-29.el6.centos                                                  @CDROM                                                2.9 M

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Remove        1 Package(s)

Installed size: 2.9 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Erasing    : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                          1/1 
  Verifying  : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                          1/1 

Removed:
  httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Complete!
[root@web01 ~]#

yum hanya membuang paket httpd saja. Ada 5 paket lain yang tadi ikut terinstal tidak terbuang juga.

[root@web01 ~]# rpm -qa | egrep "apr|httpd|mailcap"
apr-util-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
httpd-tools-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64
apr-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64
apr-util-ldap-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
mailcap-2.1.31-2.el6.noarch
[root@web01 ~]#

Di Debian, ada opsi untuk menggunakan apt-get autoremove untuk menghapus sisa paket dependensi yang sudah tidak dipakai. Saya juga baru tahu ternyata ada opsi untuk mengatur yum supaya menghapus semua paket dependensinya. Opsi ini perlu diaktifkan dulu di dalam berkas /etc/yum.conf seperti ini :

[root@web01 ~]# echo "clean_requirements_on_remove=1" >> /etc/yum.conf

Opsi clean_requirements_on_remove akan membuat yum membersihkan setiap paket dependensinya. Setelah penambahan opsi tersebut, contohnya seperti berikut ini :

[root@web01 ~]# yum remove httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
--> Finding unneeded leftover dependencies
---> Marking httpd-tools to be removed - no longer needed by httpd
---> Marking apr-util-ldap to be removed - no longer needed by httpd
---> Marking mailcap to be removed - no longer needed by httpd
---> Marking apr-util to be removed - no longer needed by httpd-tools
---> Marking apr to be removed - no longer needed by httpd-tools
Found and removing 5 unneeded dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be erased
---> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be erased
---> Package apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be erased
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos will be erased
---> Package mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.31-2.el6 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
CDROM                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... 

Dependencies Resolved

==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                                    Arch                                                Version                                                             Repository                                           Size
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Removing:
 httpd                                                      x86_64                                              2.2.15-29.el6.centos                                                @CDROM                                              2.9 M
Removing for dependencies:
 apr                                                        x86_64                                              1.3.9-5.el6_2                                                       @CDROM                                              296 k
 apr-util                                                   x86_64                                              1.3.9-3.el6_0.1                                                     @CDROM                                              198 k
 apr-util-ldap                                              x86_64                                              1.3.9-3.el6_0.1                                                     @CDROM                                              9.3 k
 httpd-tools                                                x86_64                                              2.2.15-29.el6.centos                                                @CDROM                                              137 k
 mailcap                                                    noarch                                              2.1.31-2.el6                                                        @CDROM                                               52 k

Transaction Summary
==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Remove        6 Package(s)

Installed size: 3.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Erasing    : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                          1/6 
  Erasing    : httpd-tools-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                    2/6 
  Erasing    : apr-util-ldap-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                       3/6 
  Erasing    : mailcap-2.1.31-2.el6.noarch                                                                                                                                                                                                4/6 
  Erasing    : apr-util-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                            5/6 
  Erasing    : apr-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                                   6/6 
  Verifying  : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                          1/6 
  Verifying  : apr-util-ldap-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                       2/6 
  Verifying  : httpd-tools-2.2.15-29.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                    3/6 
  Verifying  : apr-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                                   4/6 
  Verifying  : mailcap-2.1.31-2.el6.noarch                                                                                                                                                                                                5/6 
  Verifying  : apr-util-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64                                                                                                                                                                                            6/6 

Removed:
  httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Dependency Removed:
  apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2              apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1              apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1              httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6.centos              mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.31-2.el6             

Complete!
[root@web01 ~]#

Dengan begitu sekarang tidak ada lagi paket dependensi yang tertinggal :

[root@web01 ~]# rpm -qa | egrep "apr|httpd|mailcap"
[root@web01 ~]#

Repositori Lokal DVD RHEL

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Tiap kali menggunakan Ubuntu atau Debian, saya selalu menggunakan repositori online saat perlu memasang paket/aplikasi tertentu (software). Perintah apt-get atau aptitude akan otomatis mengunduh instaler paket dari repositori di Internet. Memang perlu koneksi internet tiap kali akan memasang paket. Dulu saat saya masih kesulitan mendapat akses internet, saya mengoleksi banyak CD/DVD repositori Ubuntu. Kalau tidak salah ingat dulu Ubuntu 7.04 punya 5 atau 6 CD repositori. Debian lebih fantastis lagi, jumlah CD repositorinya sampai puluhan. DVD Debian terbaru versi 7.4.0 jumlahnya sampai 9 buah. Sangat tidak praktis mengoleksi semua DVD repositori tadi. Menggunakan media CD/DVD tentu rentan hilang, rusak tidak bisa terbaca, dan repot karena harus menggonta-ganti CD/DVD saat memasang paket tertentu. Memang masih bisa diakali dengan menyimpan ISO image dari CD/DVD tadi, tapi ini juga tidak praktis karena membutuhkan ruang yang cukup besar dalam harddisk.

Dulu saya pernah tulis cara menjadikan DVD Ubuntu Linux sebagai sumber repositori lokal. Tadi saya kembali ingat hal ini saat menginstal Red Hat Linux. Tidak seperti Debian atau Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) menyediakan online repositori hanya bagi pengguna yang membeli lisensinya. Namun demikian saya masih tetap bisa menggunakan DVD instalasi sebagai repositori lokal. Saya tidak tahu persisnya, aplikasi apa yang tidak tersedia dalam DVD & hanya bisa didapat dari online repositori resminya RHEL.

Tulisan ini akan jadi catatan saya untuk menjadikan DVD instalasi RHEL 6.4 sebagai repositori lokal.

Tadi saya menginstal virtual mesin dengan hostname redhat6, mesin ini menggunakan RHEL 6.4

[root@redhat6 ~]# uname -a
Linux redhat6 2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Jan 29 11:47:41 EST 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@redhat6 ~]# 
[root@redhat6 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.4 (Santiago)
[root@redhat6 ~]#

Tanpa repositori lokal saya tidak bisa memasang paket nmap. Saat mencoba mencari paket nmap saya mendapati error seperti ini :

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# yum search nmap
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Warning: No matches found for: nmap
No Matches found
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

RHEL menempatkan konfigurasi repositori dalam direktori /etc/yum.repos.d :

[root@redhat6 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# ls
rhel-source.repo
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

Ada 1 berkas konfigurasi bawaan proses instalasi OS seperti berikut ini :

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# cat rhel-source.repo 
[rhel-source]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever - $basearch - Source
baseurl=ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/$releasever/en/os/SRPMS/
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

[rhel-source-beta]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever Beta - $basearch - Source
baseurl=ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/beta/$releasever/en/os/SRPMS/
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta,file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

Karena saya ingin menjadikan DVD instalasi RHEL sebagai repositori lokal, tentu langkah pertama adalah mengakses DVDnya terlebih dulu. Saya mount DVD RHEL 6.4 ke direktori /mnt:

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# mount -o loop /dev/cdrom /mnt
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_redhat6-lv_root
                      5.5G  931M  4.3G  18% /
tmpfs                 499M     0  499M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             485M   33M  427M   8% /boot
/dev/sr0              3.5G  3.5G     0 100% /mnt
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

Langkah selanjutnya saya buat berkas konfigurasi baru, saya pilih nama iso-rhel6.repo. Tiap berkas konfigurasi repositori boleh menggunakan nama apa saja asalkan diakhiri dengan *.repo.

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# vi iso-rhel6.repo 
[ISO_RHEL64]
name=ISO RHEL64_x86_64
baseurl=file:///mnt
enabled=1 
gpgcheck=0
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

Isi berkasnya paling tidak harus terdiri dari id, name & baseurl. ID dituliskan dalam tanda kurung kotak [ISO_RHEL64]. Sejauh yang saya tahu tidak ada aturan khusus untuk memilih ID repo tadi. Pada contoh di atas, baseurl saya arahkan untuk mengakses direktori /mnt (mountpoint DVD). Selanjutnya saya tinggal jalankan 2 perintah seperti berikut ini :

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Cleaning repos: ISO_RHEL64
Cleaning up Everything
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
ISO_RHEL64                                                                                                                                                | 3.9 kB     00:00 ... 
ISO_RHEL64/primary_db                                                                                                                                     | 3.1 MB     00:00 ... 
repo id                                                                           repo name                                                                                status
ISO_RHEL64                                                                        ISO RHEL64_x86_64                                                                        3,648
repolist: 3,648
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

Setelah sistem selesai membuat repositori lokal, saya bisa memeriksanya dengan perintah yum repolist seperti contoh berikut ini :

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id                                                                           repo name                                                                                status
ISO_RHEL64                                                                        ISO RHEL64_x86_64                                                                        3,648
repolist: 3,648
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

Artinya sekarang sistem sudah punya repositori lokal dengan nama “ISO RHEL64_x86_64”. Untungnya paket nmap tersedia dalam DVD ini :

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# yum search nmap
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
=============================================================================== N/S Matched: nmap ===============================================================================
nmap.x86_64 : Network exploration tool and security scanner

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

Dengan begitu saya tinggal menggunakan perintah yum install untuk memasang nmap, yum akan mengambil berkas sumber nmap dari DVD bukan dari Internet :

[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]# yum install nmap
Loaded plugins: product-id, security, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package nmap.x86_64 2:5.51-2.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                               Arch                                    Version                                         Repository                                   Size
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 nmap                                  x86_64                                  2:5.51-2.el6                                    ISO_RHEL64                                  2.8 M

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Install       1 Package(s)

Total download size: 2.8 M
Installed size: 9.7 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing : 2:nmap-5.51-2.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                                      1/1 
ISO_RHEL64/productid                                                                                                                                      | 1.7 kB     00:00 ... 
  Verifying  : 2:nmap-5.51-2.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                                      1/1 

Installed:
  nmap.x86_64 2:5.51-2.el6                                                                                                                                                       

Complete!
[root@redhat6 yum.repos.d]#

CentOS sebagai salah satu varian open source Red Hat, langsung menyediakan repositori online sejak awal instalasi. Pada contoh di bawah ini terlihat CentOS langsung mendeteksi lokasi repositori online yang paling cepat diakses :

[root@centos ~]# uname -a
Linux centos 2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Feb 22 00:31:26 UTC 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@centos ~]# 
[root@centos ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS release 6.4 (Final)
[root@centos ~]# 
[root@centos ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Determining fastest mirrors
 * base: mirror.axarva.co.id
 * extras: mirror.axarva.co.id
 * updates: mirror.axarva.co.id
base                                                                                                                                                      | 3.7 kB     00:00     
base/primary_db                                                                                                                                           | 4.4 MB     00:10     
extras                                                                                                                                                    | 3.4 kB     00:00     
extras/primary_db                                                                                                                                         |  19 kB     00:00     
updates                                                                                                                                                   | 3.4 kB     00:00     
updates/primary_db                                                                                                                                        | 2.5 MB     00:03     
repo id                                                                         repo name                                                                                  status
base                                                                            CentOS-6 - Base                                                                            6,367
extras                                                                          CentOS-6 - Extras                                                                             14
updates                                                                         CentOS-6 - Updates                                                                           718
repolist: 7,099
[root@centos ~]# 
[root@centos ~]# yum search nmap
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.axarva.co.id
 * extras: mirror.axarva.co.id
 * updates: mirror.axarva.co.id
=============================================================================== N/S Matched: nmap ===============================================================================
nmap-frontend.noarch : The GTK+ front end for nmap
nmap.x86_64 : Network exploration tool and security scanner

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
[root@centos ~]#

Saya juga bisa pakai cara yang sama untuk menjadikan DVD instalasi CentOS sebagai repositori lokal. Untuk testing, saya pindahkan dulu konfigurasi repositorinya CentOS ke dalam folder backup :

[root@centos ~]# mkdir /etc/yum.repos.d/backup
[root@centos ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/*repo /etc/yum.repos.d/backup
[root@centos ~]#

Selanjutnya sama persis seperti sudah ditulis di atas :

[root@centos ~]# mount -o loop /dev/cdrom /mnt
    [root@centos ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_centos-lv_root
                      3.6G  844M  2.6G  25% /
tmpfs                 939M     0  939M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             485M   37M  423M   8% /boot
/dev/sr0              4.1G  4.1G     0 100% /mnt
[root@centos ~]# 
[root@centos ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/iso-centos64.repo
[ISO_CentOS64]
name=ISO CentOS64_x86_64
baseurl=file:///mnt
gpgcheck=0
[root@centos ~]# 
[root@centos ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Determining fastest mirrors
ISO_CentOS64                                                                                                                                              | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... 
ISO_CentOS64/primary_db                                                                                                                                   | 4.4 MB     00:00 ... 
repo id                                                                           repo name                                                                                status
ISO_CentOS64                                                                      ISO CentOS64_x86_64                                                                      6,381
repolist: 6,381
[root@centos ~]# 
[root@centos ~]# yum install -q  nmap

=================================================================================================================================================================================
 Package                               Arch                                    Version                                       Repository                                     Size
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 nmap                                  x86_64                                  2:5.51-2.el6                                  ISO_CentOS64                                  2.7 M

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Install       1 Package(s)

Is this ok [y/N]: y
[root@centos ~]#

Membaca Exif Foto Digital

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Tiap foto digital (sebelum modifikasi) membawa informasi teknis tentang proses pembuatan fotonya. Informasi tersebut antara lain tanggal foto tersebut dibuat, tipe kamera yang digunakan, kecepatan rana (shutter speed, aperture, kepekaan sensor (ISO), focal length lensa yang dipakai, ukuran file, dsb. Banyak juga kamera yang sudah memiliki kemampuan untuk menambahkan informasi nama pemilik kamera, copyright, atau bahkan koordinat lokasi foto tersebut diabadikan. Informasi teknis inilah yang kadang disebut sebagai metadata foto. Ada juga yang menyebutnya sebagai Exif Data.

Windows & Mac OSX sudah dilengkapi dengan fitur untuk membaca Exif data foto digital. Untuk menampilkan data Exif di Windows caranya sangat mudah, pada Windows Explorer cukup klik kanan pada foto yang ingin dilihat lalu klik Properties. Misalnya seperti pada contoh di bawah ini :

Contoh di atas diambil dari Windows 7, pada jendela Properties klik pada tab Details untuk melihat data Exif foto tersebut :

Sementara di Mac OSX Finder, caranya dengan klik kanan pada fotonya lalu klik Get Info. Caranya tadi bisa juga diganti dengan kombinasi tombol ⌘i .

Mac akan menampilkan jendela baru seperti tampilan di bawah ini :

Informasi Exif foto tersebut ada di bagian More Info. Sayangnya informasi yang muncul cukup terbatas. Alternatifnya kita juga bisa melihat informasi Exif foto dari aplikasi Preview. Bila kita sedang membuka foto menggunakan Mac Preview, kita bisa menggunakan kombinasi tombol yang sama (⌘i). Tampilan jendela yang muncul seperti di bawah ini :

Di Linux saya biasanya menggunakan perintah exiftool dari Terminal untuk membaca Exif data. Di Ubuntu Linux perintah exiftool ini tersedia dalam paket libimage-exiftool-perl. Cara pemakaiannya cukup mudah tinggal ketikkan exiftool lalu ikuti dengan nama file fotonya, misalnya seperti contoh di bawah ini :

ttirtawi@gbt733:~$ uname -a
Linux gbt733 3.5.0-17-generic #28-Ubuntu SMP Tue Oct 9 19:32:08 UTC 2012 i686 i686 i686 GNU/Linux
ttirtawi@gbt733:~$ exiftool DSCF0068.JPG 
ExifTool Version Number         : 8.60
File Name                       : DSCF0068.JPG
Directory                       : .
File Size                       : 1373 kB
File Modification Date/Time     : 2014:01:19 21:09:32+07:00
File Permissions                : rwxrwxr-x
File Type                       : JPEG
MIME Type                       : image/jpeg
JFIF Version                    : 1.01
Profile CMM Type                : Lino
Profile Version                 : 2.1.0
Profile Class                   : Display Device Profile
Color Space Data                : RGB
Profile Connection Space        : XYZ
Profile Date Time               : 1998:02:09 06:49:00
Profile File Signature          : acsp
Primary Platform                : Microsoft Corporation
CMM Flags                       : Not Embedded, Independent
Device Manufacturer             : IEC
Device Model                    : sRGB
Device Attributes               : Reflective, Glossy, Positive, Color
Rendering Intent                : Perceptual
Connection Space Illuminant     : 0.9642 1 0.82491
Profile Creator                 : HP
Profile ID                      : 0
Profile Copyright               : Copyright (c) 1998 Hewlett-Packard Company
Profile Description             : sRGB IEC61966-2.1
Media White Point               : 0.95045 1 1.08905
Media Black Point               : 0 0 0
Red Matrix Column               : 0.43607 0.22249 0.01392
Green Matrix Column             : 0.38515 0.71687 0.09708
Blue Matrix Column              : 0.14307 0.06061 0.7141
Device Mfg Desc                 : IEC http://www.iec.ch
Device Model Desc               : IEC 61966-2.1 Default RGB colour space - sRGB
Viewing Cond Desc               : Reference Viewing Condition in IEC61966-2.1
Viewing Cond Illuminant         : 19.6445 20.3718 16.8089
Viewing Cond Surround           : 3.92889 4.07439 3.36179
Viewing Cond Illuminant Type    : D50
Luminance                       : 76.03647 80 87.12462
Measurement Observer            : CIE 1931
Measurement Backing             : 0 0 0
Measurement Geometry            : Unknown (0)
Measurement Flare               : 0.999%
Measurement Illuminant          : D65
Technology                      : Cathode Ray Tube Display
Red Tone Reproduction Curve     : (Binary data 2060 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Green Tone Reproduction Curve   : (Binary data 2060 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Blue Tone Reproduction Curve    : (Binary data 2060 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Exif Byte Order                 : Big-endian (Motorola, MM)
Make                            : FUJIFILM
Camera Model Name               : X100S
Orientation                     : Horizontal (normal)
X Resolution                    : 72
Y Resolution                    : 72
Resolution Unit                 : inches
Software                        : Digital Camera X100S Ver1.03
Modify Date                     : 2014:01:18 00:23:40
Copyright                       : 
Exposure Time                   : 1/40
F Number                        : 2.0
Exposure Program                : Aperture-priority AE
ISO                             : 1250
Sensitivity Type                : Standard Output Sensitivity
Exif Version                    : 0230
Date/Time Original              : 2014:01:18 00:23:40
Create Date                     : 2014:01:18 00:23:40
Components Configuration        : Y, Cb, Cr, -
Compressed Bits Per Pixel       : 3.2
Shutter Speed Value             : 1/39
Aperture Value                  : 2.0
Brightness Value                : -1.83
Exposure Compensation           : -0.33
Max Aperture Value              : 2.0
Metering Mode                   : Multi-segment
Light Source                    : Unknown
Flash                           : Off, Did not fire
Focal Length                    : 23.0 mm
Flashpix Version                : 0100
Color Space                     : sRGB
Exif Image Width                : 2104
Exif Image Height               : 2104
Focal Plane X Resolution        : 2092
Focal Plane Y Resolution        : 2092
Focal Plane Resolution Unit     : cm
Sensing Method                  : One-chip color area
File Source                     : Digital Camera
Custom Rendered                 : Normal
Exposure Mode                   : Auto
White Balance                   : Auto
Scene Capture Type              : Standard
Sharpness                       : Normal
Subject Distance Range          : Unknown
XMP Toolkit                     : XMP Core 5.4.0
Creator Tool                    : Digital Camera X100S Ver1.03
Date Created                    : 2014:01:18 00:23:40
Rights                          : 
Image Width                     : 2104
Image Height                    : 2104
Encoding Process                : Baseline DCT, Huffman coding
Bits Per Sample                 : 8
Color Components                : 3
Y Cb Cr Sub Sampling            : YCbCr4:2:2 (2 1)
Aperture                        : 2.0
Image Size                      : 2104x2104
Scale Factor To 35 mm Equivalent: 3.0
Shutter Speed                   : 1/40
Circle Of Confusion             : 0.010 mm
Field Of View                   : 28.9 deg
Focal Length                    : 23.0 mm (35 mm equivalent: 70.0 mm)
Hyperfocal Distance             : 26.78 m
Light Value                     : 3.7
ttirtawi@gbt733:~$

Aplikasi exiftool ini tersedia juga di Mac OSX, saya install exiftool di Mac melalui MacPorts. Saat ini yang tersedia di MacPorts adalah exiftool-5.16, nama paketnya adalah p5.16-image-exiftool. Ini contoh tampilan output exiftool di Mac OSX :

ttirtawi@macmini:oV5HwAWxTKubQFBq8dc7kw$ exiftool-5.16 DSC_1627.JPG 
ExifTool Version Number         : 9.06
File Name                       : DSC_1627.JPG
Directory                       : .
File Size                       : 1802 kB
File Modification Date/Time     : 2013:12:15 18:10:57+07:00
File Access Date/Time           : 2014:01:17 16:54:28+07:00
File Permissions                : rw-r--r--
File Type                       : JPEG
MIME Type                       : image/jpeg
JFIF Version                    : 1.01
Current IPTC Digest             : 5c2c0a36d65e204752971ce03e17cae2
Coded Character Set             : UTF8
Application Record Version      : 2
Special Instructions            : oV5HwAWxTKubQFBq8dc7kw
IPTC Digest                     : 5c2c0a36d65e204752971ce03e17cae2
Profile CMM Type                : Lino
Profile Version                 : 2.1.0
Profile Class                   : Display Device Profile
Color Space Data                : RGB
Profile Connection Space        : XYZ
Profile Date Time               : 1998:02:09 06:49:00
Profile File Signature          : acsp
Primary Platform                : Microsoft Corporation
CMM Flags                       : Not Embedded, Independent
Device Manufacturer             : IEC
Device Model                    : sRGB
Device Attributes               : Reflective, Glossy, Positive, Color
Rendering Intent                : Perceptual
Connection Space Illuminant     : 0.9642 1 0.82491
Profile Creator                 : HP
Profile ID                      : 0
Profile Copyright               : Copyright (c) 1998 Hewlett-Packard Company
Profile Description             : sRGB IEC61966-2.1
Media White Point               : 0.95045 1 1.08905
Media Black Point               : 0 0 0
Red Matrix Column               : 0.43607 0.22249 0.01392
Green Matrix Column             : 0.38515 0.71687 0.09708
Blue Matrix Column              : 0.14307 0.06061 0.7141
Device Mfg Desc                 : IEC http://www.iec.ch
Device Model Desc               : IEC 61966-2.1 Default RGB colour space - sRGB
Viewing Cond Desc               : Reference Viewing Condition in IEC61966-2.1
Viewing Cond Illuminant         : 19.6445 20.3718 16.8089
Viewing Cond Surround           : 3.92889 4.07439 3.36179
Viewing Cond Illuminant Type    : D50
Luminance                       : 76.03647 80 87.12462
Measurement Observer            : CIE 1931
Measurement Backing             : 0 0 0
Measurement Geometry            : Unknown (0)
Measurement Flare               : 0.999%
Measurement Illuminant          : D65
Technology                      : Cathode Ray Tube Display
Red Tone Reproduction Curve     : (Binary data 2060 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Green Tone Reproduction Curve   : (Binary data 2060 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Blue Tone Reproduction Curve    : (Binary data 2060 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Exif Byte Order                 : Big-endian (Motorola, MM)
Make                            : NIKON CORPORATION
Camera Model Name               : NIKON D7000
Orientation                     : Horizontal (normal)
X Resolution                    : 300
Y Resolution                    : 300
Resolution Unit                 : inches
Software                        : iPhoto 9.5.1
Modify Date                     : 2013:12:14 22:41:46
Artist                          : TEDY TIRTAWIDJAJA
Copyright                       : https://blog.tedytirta.info
Exposure Time                   : 1/160
F Number                        : 7.1
Exposure Program                : Manual
ISO                             : 250
Sensitivity Type                : Recommended Exposure Index
Exif Version                    : 0230
Date/Time Original              : 2013:12:14 22:41:46
Create Date                     : 2013:12:14 22:41:46
Components Configuration        : Y, Cb, Cr, -
Compressed Bits Per Pixel       : 4
Exposure Compensation           : 0
Max Aperture Value              : 1.7
Metering Mode                   : Multi-segment
Light Source                    : Unknown
Flash                           : On, Return detected
Focal Length                    : 35.0 mm
User Comment                    : 
Sub Sec Time                    : 10
Sub Sec Time Original           : 10
Sub Sec Time Digitized          : 10
Flashpix Version                : 0100
Color Space                     : sRGB
Exif Image Width                : 4916
Exif Image Height               : 1550
Sensing Method                  : One-chip color area
File Source                     : Digital Camera
Custom Rendered                 : Normal
Exposure Mode                   : Manual
White Balance                   : Auto
Digital Zoom Ratio              : 1
Focal Length In 35mm Format     : 52 mm
Scene Capture Type              : Standard
Gain Control                    : None
Contrast                        : Normal
Saturation                      : Normal
Sharpness                       : Normal
Subject Distance Range          : Unknown
XMP Toolkit                     : XMP Core 5.4.0
Lens Info                       : 35mm f/1.8
Image Number                    : 3698
Lens                            : AF-S DX Nikkor 35mm f/1.8G
Flash Compensation              : 0
Serial Number                   : 8187760
Creator                         : TEDY TIRTAWIDJAJA
Rights                          : https://blog.tedytirta.info
Instructions                    : oV5HwAWxTKubQFBq8dc7kw
Date Created                    : 2013:12:14 22:41:46
Creator Tool                    : iPhoto 9.5.1
Image Width                     : 4916
Image Height                    : 1550
Encoding Process                : Baseline DCT, Huffman coding
Bits Per Sample                 : 8
Color Components                : 3
Y Cb Cr Sub Sampling            : YCbCr4:2:0 (2 2)
Aperture                        : 7.1
Image Size                      : 4916x1550
Scale Factor To 35 mm Equivalent: 1.5
Shutter Speed                   : 1/160
Create Date                     : 2013:12:14 22:41:46.10
Date/Time Original              : 2013:12:14 22:41:46.10
Modify Date                     : 2013:12:14 22:41:46.10
Circle Of Confusion             : 0.020 mm
Field Of View                   : 38.2 deg
Focal Length                    : 35.0 mm (35 mm equivalent: 52.0 mm)
Hyperfocal Distance             : 8.53 m
Lens ID                         : Unknown (-2147483648) 35mm
Light Value                     : 11.7
ttirtawi@macmini:oV5HwAWxTKubQFBq8dc7kw$

Daftar Paket & Isinya di Sistem Unix

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Di lingkungan sistem operasi Unix, aplikasi (software) dikenal sebagai package (paket). Masing-masing varian Unix punya cara sendiri-sendiri untuk menampilkan daftar paket yang terinstal. Artikel ini saya tulis sebagai catatan untuk mengingat-ingat aneka macam cara menampilkan daftar paket di beberapa varian Unix.

Di Solaris 10 misalnya saya ingin melihat paket Wireshark saya menggunakan perintah pkginfo. Karena di Solaris 10 penamaan paket cukup unik, saya perlu melihat dulu apa nama paket yang terdaftar.

root@fda05:/# cat /etc/release 
                   Oracle Solaris 10 8/11 s10s_u10wos_17b SPARC
  Copyright (c) 1983, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
                            Assembled 23 August 2011
root@fda05:/# 
root@fda05:/# pkginfo | grep -i wireshark
application SMCwires                         wireshark
root@fda05:/#

Dari hasil pkginfo di atas, saya bisa lihat bahwa nama paket Wireshark adalah SMCwires. Lalu saya bisa cari detil informasi tentang paket SMCwires menggunakan perintah yang sama seperti berikut ini :

root@fda05:/# pkginfo -l SMCwires
   PKGINST:  SMCwires
      NAME:  wireshark
  CATEGORY:  application
      ARCH:  sparc
   VERSION:  1.6.8
   BASEDIR:  /usr/local
    VENDOR:  Gerald Combs et al
    PSTAMP:  Steve Christensen
  INSTDATE:  Jul 30 2012 03:08
     EMAIL:  steve@smc.vnet.net
    STATUS:  completely installed
     FILES:      518 installed pathnames
                   7 shared pathnames
                  33 directories
                 134 executables
              266776 blocks used (approx)
root@fda05:/#

Dengan menggunakan opsi -l saya bisa lihat versi paket yang terinstal, lokasi instalasi, dsb. Meskipun saya tahu lokasi paket tersebut ada di /usr/local, saya masih belum tahu file apa saja yang dimiliki oleh paket SMCwires. Untuk memeriksa file apa saja yang dimiliki oleh paket tersebut saya bisa menggunakan perintah pkgchk seperti berikut ini :

root@fda05:/# pkgchk -v SMCwires
/usr/local/bin
/usr/local/bin/capinfos
/usr/local/bin/dftest
/usr/local/bin/dumpcap
/usr/local/bin/editcap
/usr/local/bin/idl2wrs
/usr/local/bin/mergecap
/usr/local/bin/randpkt
/usr/local/bin/rawshark
/usr/local/bin/text2pcap
/usr/local/bin/tshark
/usr/local/bin/wireshark
/usr/local/doc
/usr/local/doc/wireshark
...
...
...
/usr/local/share/wireshark/tpncp
/usr/local/share/wireshark/tpncp/tpncp.dat
/usr/local/share/wireshark/tshark.html
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp/dictionary.dtd
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp/dictionary.xml
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wireshark-filter.html
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wireshark.html
/usr/local/share/wireshark/ws.css
root@fda05:/#

Hasil perintah pkgchk tadi cukup panjang sehingga saya hanya tampilkan bagian awal & akhirnya saja.

Solaris 11 menggunakan pendekatan yang berbeda untuk menginvetarisir paket-paketnya. Kita perlu menggunakan perintah pkg list untuk melihat daftar paket yang terinstal di mesin Solaris 11. Misalnya seperti contoh berikut ini :

root@host02:/# cat /etc/release 
                            Oracle Solaris 11.1 SPARC
  Copyright (c) 1983, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
                           Assembled 19 September 2012
root@host02:/# 
root@host02:/# pkg list | grep wireshark
diagnostic/wireshark                              1.8.9-0.175.1.11.0.4.0     i--
diagnostic/wireshark/tshark                       1.8.9-0.175.1.11.0.4.0     i--
diagnostic/wireshark/wireshark-common             1.8.9-0.175.1.11.0.4.0     i--
root@host02:/#

Kalau di Solaris 10 kita menggunakan pkginfo di Solaris 11 kita menggunakan perintah pkg info (dengan spasi) untuk menampilkan detil informasi tentang suatu paket.

root@host02:/# pkg info wireshark
          Name: diagnostic/wireshark
       Summary: Graphical network protocol analyzer
      Category: Applications/Internet
         State: Installed
     Publisher: solaris
       Version: 1.8.9
 Build Release: 5.11
        Branch: 0.175.1.11.0.4.0
Packaging Date: Thu Sep 05 15:59:08 2013
          Size: 2.86 MB
          FMRI: pkg://solaris/diagnostic/wireshark@1.8.9,5.11-0.175.1.11.0.4.0:20130905T155908Z
root@host02:/#

Untuk melihat semua file yang dimiliki oleh Wireshark, Solaris 11 menyediakan perintah pkg contents seperti contoh di bawah ini :

root@host02:/# pkg contents  wireshark
PATH
usr
usr/sbin
usr/sbin/wireshark
usr/share
usr/share/applications
usr/share/applications/wireshark.desktop
usr/share/man
usr/share/man/man1
usr/share/man/man1/wireshark.1
usr/share/pixmaps
usr/share/pixmaps/wireshark.png
root@host02:/#

FreeBSD menggunakan perintah yang mirip dengan Solaris 11 untuk menampilkan informasi tentang suatu paket :

root@testbsd:~ # uname -a
FreeBSD testbsd 9.2-RELEASE FreeBSD 9.2-RELEASE #0 r255898: Thu Sep 26 22:50:31 UTC 2013     root@bake.isc.freebsd.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC  amd64
root@testbsd:~ # 
root@testbsd:~ # pkg_info | grep wireshark
wireshark-1.10.1    Powerful network analyzer/capture tool
root@testbsd:~ # pkg_info -L wireshark-1.10.1
Information for wireshark-1.10.1:

Files:
/usr/local/man/man1/capinfos.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/editcap.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/mergecap.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/rawshark.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/text2pcap.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/dftest.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/randpkt.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/reordercap.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/wireshark.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/dumpcap.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man1/tshark.1.gz
/usr/local/man/man4/wireshark-filter.4.gz
/usr/local/bin/capinfos
/usr/local/bin/dftest
/usr/local/bin/dumpcap
/usr/local/bin/editcap
/usr/local/bin/wireshark
/usr/local/bin/mergecap
/usr/local/bin/randpkt
/usr/local/bin/rawshark
/usr/local/bin/reordercap
/usr/local/bin/tshark
/usr/local/bin/text2pcap
...
...
... 
/usr/local/share/wireshark/tshark.html
/usr/local/share/wireshark/text2pcap.html
/usr/local/share/wireshark/tpncp/tpncp.dat
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp/dictionary.dtd
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp/dictionary.xml
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wireshark-filter.html
/usr/local/share/wireshark/wireshark.html
/usr/local/share/wireshark/ws.css
/usr/local/share/applications/wireshark.desktop

root@testbsd:~ #

Sementara di Ubuntu Linux (atau Debian) kita bisa menggunakan perintah dpkg -l untuk menampilkan semua paket yang terinstal.

ttirtawi@gbt733:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 12.10
Release:    12.10
Codename:   quantal
ttirtawi@gbt733:~$ 
ttirtawi@gbt733:~$ dpkg -l | grep wireshark
ii  libwireshark-data                    1.8.2-2                                   all          network packet dissection library -- data files
ii  libwireshark2                        1.8.2-2                                   i386         network packet dissection library -- shared library
ii  wireshark                            1.8.2-2                                   i386         network traffic analyzer - GTK+ version
ii  wireshark-common                     1.8.2-2                                   i386         network traffic analyzer - common files
ttirtawi@gbt733:~$

Informasi semua file yang dimiliki suatu paket dapat diperoleh dengan menjalankan perintah dpkg -L seperti contoh di bawah ini :

ttirtawi@gbt733:~$ dpkg -L wireshark
/.
/usr
/usr/share
/usr/share/applications
/usr/share/applications/wireshark.desktop
/usr/share/man
/usr/share/man/man1
/usr/share/man/man1/wireshark.1.gz
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/wireshark
/usr/share/doc/wireshark/copyright
/usr/share/pixmaps
/usr/share/pixmaps/wsicon32.xpm
/usr/share/icons
/usr/share/icons/hicolor
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/wireshark.svg
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps/wireshark.png
/usr/share/menu
/usr/share/menu/wireshark
/usr/bin
/usr/bin/wireshark
/usr/share/doc/wireshark/README.Debian
/usr/share/doc/wireshark/changelog.Debian.gz
ttirtawi@gbt733:~$

Fedora Linux atau distro berbasis Red Hat umumnya menggunakan perintah rpm untuk segala hal yang berkaitan dengan paket-paket aplikasinya. Misalnya pada contoh di bawah ini, di Fedora 16 saya bisa menggunakan perintah rpm -qa untuk menampilkan semua paket yang terintal :

ttirtawi@appliance:~$ lsb_release -a
LSB Version:    :core-4.0-ia32:core-4.0-noarch
Distributor ID: Generic
Description:    Generic release 16 (Generic)
Release:    16
Codename:   Generic
ttirtawi@appliance:~$ 
ttirtawi@appliance:~$ rpm -qa | grep -i wireshark
wireshark-1.6.10-1.fc16.i686
ttirtawi@appliance:~$

Sama seperti contoh-contoh sebelumnya, untuk menampilkan informasi tentang semua file yang dimiliki oleh Wireshark saya bisa menggunakan perintah rpm -ql seperti ditunjukkan pada contoh di bawah ini :

ttirtawi@appliance:~$ rpm -ql wireshark
...
...
...
/usr/sbin/capinfos
/usr/sbin/dftest
/usr/sbin/dumpcap
/usr/sbin/editcap
/usr/sbin/mergecap
/usr/sbin/randpkt
/usr/sbin/rawshark
/usr/sbin/text2pcap
/usr/sbin/tshark
...
...
...
...
/usr/share/wireshark/rawshark.html
/usr/share/wireshark/services
/usr/share/wireshark/smi_modules
/usr/share/wireshark/text2pcap.html
/usr/share/wireshark/tpncp
/usr/share/wireshark/tpncp/tpncp.dat
/usr/share/wireshark/tshark.html
/usr/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp
/usr/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp/dictionary.dtd
/usr/share/wireshark/wimaxasncp/dictionary.xml
/usr/share/wireshark/wireshark-filter.html
/usr/share/wireshark/wireshark.html
/usr/share/wireshark/ws.css
ttirtawi@appliance:~$ rpm -qa | grep -i wireshark
wireshark-1.6.10-1.fc16.i686
ttirtawi@appliance:~$